Tcheka

[cuprum]

 In the first after revolutionary years maintenance of internal security of the Soviet state has been assigned to the All-Russia Extreme Commission on struggle against counterrevolution, gamble and malfeasances (till August 1918 - on struggle against counterrevolution and sabotage) - ВЧК (Cheka), formed on December, 7th (20) 1917, The large powers given to this organisation in Civil war, with world approach have been partially reduced, and itself ВЧК (Cheka) February, 1922 would be transformed to the State Political Management (ГПУ) at the National Commissariat of internal affairs (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) of RSFSR. In connection with formation of the USSR in November 1921, Incorporated state political management (ОГПУ) has been created at Council of national commissioners of the USSR, including the State political managements of RSFSR and other union republics.
Organisation ГПУ-ОГПУ competence included state security maintenance: struggle against political crimes, struggle espionage, against "counterrevolution" in general, Service of the operations spent by this organisation, struggle against gangsterism, arrests, ambushes, protection of government agencies, values of the state importance and industrial targets. External protection of prisons was carried out by the Internal armies ГПУ-ОГПУ created on June, 13th 1918, as the Case of armies ВЧК (Cheka). On May, 25th, 1919 this formation together with other armies of auxiliary appointment was a part of Armies of internal protection of Republic (ВОХР - VOKhR), consisting under the authority of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs; on September, 1st 1920, ВОХР, strengthened still a number of contingents, have formed Armies of internal service (ВНУС) from which on January, 19th 1921, the independent Armies ВЧК (Cheka) on February, 6th, 1922 reorganised in Internal armies ГПУ (then ОГПУ).
Internal protection of prisons and prisoners was carried out by the Convoy guards of Republic existing since April 1918, To 1921, it was included into structure of the National commissariat of justice, but was in operative submission at ГПУ,
   ВЧК, at the beginning ГПУ, had no special uniforms, and used as that various subjects of military and civil clothes. For the first time the form for «special organisation GPU» has been entered on June, 21st 1922,

[cuprum]

  In March 1918г. The instruction of the Central Committee of the All-Russia Communist party (Bolsheviks) «About arms of communists ­ and to training to their military science» has begun formation ­ of military-party Special groups (ООН ) ­ which have been renamed subsequently into Parts of Special Function ­(ЧОН). The instruction recommended to create groups at each factory, at regional and city party committees on type Red army divisions. ­ Ordinary communists - workers of factories,  industrial artels who on the job, should have training initial ­ military preparation should become a basis ­ of military-party groups ­ and on the first call of party should ­ act with the weapon in hands on protection of its interests. The basic ­ organizational-established post was company . In the organisations where there were few communists, platoons, and in ­ unusual cases - branches were created,­  and similar formations ­ united in large connections in city scales. The ordinary fighter of a special group was called as the Communard. The persons enlisted in group were trained ­ in shooting from a rifle, machine guns, to a throwing of grenades, studied blasting and artillery business.
Despite the fact that. That main destination ЧОН was «... Training of private soldiers communist to military science and their education in the spirit of revolutionary vigilance...», since spring of 1918 of a part of special function rendered considerable aid in execution of internal service. They protected important political, military ­ and industrial targets, together with armies ВЧК ­ participated in liquidation of mutinies and plots. Thus, everywhere and always armies ЧОН were a strong support of communist party and the Soviet power. However, as value of first groups CHON in a life of young Soviet Republic was great, they have not been united in the uniform army organisation and had ­ no general military centre. The system of arms, army ­ supply and training has not been adjusted, that considerably reduced their fighting possibilities.
 The arms of groups CHON were rather weak. The newest arms, first of all, arrived in the regular parts of Red Army which were at the front. Other arms were distributed among reserve ­ divisions and other armed groups of self-defence. Therefore fighters ЧОН armed than has got, including out-of-date samples of rifles of the sample of the middle of last century, rifles ­ of foreign manufacture to which, as a rule, there was no ammunition. The saturation of parts of special function machine guns (on the end of their 1919 is registered only 92 pieces) was lowest, there were no armored cars, armored trains, artillery and other means.
 Resumes - divisions CHON were parts of the territorial home guard, poorly armed but consisting only from communists.   

[commissarmoody]

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