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Author Topic: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Mirambo (Heaps of Corpses) painted.  (Read 66322 times)

Offline Grumpy Gnome

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab Gun and Crew
« Reply #345 on: November 23, 2020, 12:39:56 PM »
Great work!
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Offline JBaumal

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab Gun and Crew
« Reply #346 on: November 24, 2020, 12:49:16 AM »
Great paint job and basing! This is really a great looking army and awesome project.

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab Gun and Crew
« Reply #347 on: November 24, 2020, 06:21:55 AM »
Thanks guys

Nice one! It's a lovely piece of kit, that. Mine has seen a bit of action, but it has never been the battle-winner that its operators hoped it would be. I think they have got diced up or chased away in every battle they've been in.  :)

 Sounds quite accurate the few references I've read regarding Arab artillery seem to suggest it wasn't up to much...

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab Gun and Crew
« Reply #348 on: December 15, 2020, 08:35:39 PM »
It’s been a bit of a slog but I have finally finished my Arab/Swahili army. This is the core army that should allow me to represent numerous Arab armies from Tabora, to the Congo, to lake Nyasa and anywhere else Arabs could be found. Regional flavour can be added to the army with the addition of some units of local allies such as the Tetela in the Congo or the Bemba on lake Nyasa. For this post I’d thought I’d give a brief background on the Arabs in Africa along side some pictures of my new army and in part 2 I’ll give an alternative field force list to the Slavers list in the TMWWBKs rule book.

First a bit of background on the terms Swahili and Arab. The east coast of Africa had been one end the Indian ocean trading network, since at least early medieval times (and probably before), which brought traders from as far as India, Persia and China to east Africa. The most numerous traders though where those from the Arabian peninsula who, as well as trade goods, also brought their culture and religion which had a profound impact on the east African costal peoples, the word Swahili is derived from the Arabic word for coast, the mixture of African culture, Islam, and influences from around the Indian ocean created the unique Swahili culture. The Swahilis were spread right along the east African coast from Mozambique to Kenya in a number of costal trading towns like Mombasa, Pate and Zanzibar. It should be noted that the Swahili despite outside influences, and occasional foreign rulers, where Africans.

The term Arab initially signified settlers from Oman. At the end of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century the sultans of Oman, backed by a powerful navy, had created a maritime empire that stretched from Persia all the way to south-eastern Africa.



This state of affairs existed until 1856 when a succession dispute saw Zanzibar and the African portion of the empire split from the Oman and Muscat part of the empire (with a little help from the British). After this the term Arab becomes increasingly more loose in its meaning. Many Arabs, in Africa, had Arab fathers and African mothers. For example Majid bin Said, the 1st Sultan of Zanzibar, had an Ethiopian mother. As the 19th century wore on the term Arab increasingly seems to have become a cultural tag (wearing Arab clothing, following Islam, happy to engage in slavery) rather than and indication of being from Oman. Thus during the Karonga war Mlozi and his followers where dubbed the North End Arabs by the British and yet there were few, if any, actual Omani Arabs among their ranks the majority being Swahili or Nyamwezi in origin.

The Arabs and Swahilis thrived on trade and this saw them exploring the interior of Africa during the 19th century in search of ivory and slaves. Many of the more famous European explorers of east and central Africa found that their newly discovered lands had already been discovered by the Arabs first. As they moved inland the Arabs created a number of new strongholds such as Ujiji  on the shores of Lake Tanganyika or Tabora in what is now Tanzania. though nominally loyal to the sultan of Zanzibar many of the settlements become independent entities.

One of the main advantages that allowed the Arabs to explore and settle in Africa was access to guns something the peoples of the interior had no access to (at least until the Arabs started supplying them in return for slaves and Ivory). Typically, as Arab traders moved into the interior, they would find a local chief, and ally with him, offering to use their guns on his enemies. They would attack the chief’s enemy villages, ideally in a surprise attack, massacre the men, round up the women and children as slaves, loot the village of all its valuables and life stock. On returning to their allied chief they would ideally exchange the livestock and valuables for Ivory and then use the slaves to carry the ivory back to civilization before selling the ivory and slaves. It cant really be understated how brutal this practice was European explorers commented on areas they found that where devastated by years of Arab slave raids.

The Arabs didn’t have it all their own way though many tribes in the interior where formidable warriors, even without guns, and the Arabs seem to have avoided tangling with the likes of the Masai, Ngoni or Ha when ever possible. With other tribes like the Bemba, Yao or Seguhha the Arabs allied themselves and then supplied their allies with guns in return for slaves and ivory.

Organisation of Arab/Swahili armies seemed to have been based around individual leaders and their followers. The followers could be family members, locally recruited allied tribesmen, armed slaves (ironically often called Wagwana meaning freeman) or employed freemen. Our best description of an Arab army is probably Stanley’s break down of the Arab army operating out of Tabora against Mirambo. Stanley lists 16 different Arab leaders, each with their own contingent of musket armed slaves, normally these slaves number between 25 and 75 men though two leaders each have around 250 men under their command. The rest of the army is made up of around 1100 native allies armed with spear and bow and around 150 freemen (assumingly local Tabora residents called out in an emergency).

As such I based my army around a similar theme each unit being an Arab leader and his various hangers on. I have given each unit a flag as an indicator of different leaders. Flags seemed to have been popular the best known is the plain red banner of Zanzibar which was carried by those either representing the sultan of Zanzibar or wanting to give themselves an air of legitimacy. Other banners existed though and Chris Peers in his Foundry African books lists a number for both coastal Arabs and the Congo Arabs so I’ve used these as inspiration for my own.



Weaponry among Arab/Swahili armies changed as the century wore on. The battle of Shela fought circa 1816, between the Swahili cities of Pate and Lamu, both sides where armed mostly with spears and swords supplemented with bows and matchlock muskets. By the middle of the century swords and shields where still commonly carried alongside flintlock muskets. There were three main types of Arab sword the largest being the 4ft long “Frankish sword” wielded two hand the other types where smaller and could be paired with a small round shield. Burton describes Swahili’s often being armed with antiquated German cavalry sabres. An account of the Arab Mtagamoyo’s 1870 expedition talks of the Arab leader cutting his way through his pygmy enemies with a sword and shield during one charge. later in the battle, when the Arabs ran out of powder for their guns, , they charged the enemy with their swords and won the battle. At the battle of the Bua river circa 1888 it’s interesting that the Arabs fired a volley at the attacking Ngoni and followed up with and immediate charge. A tactic that makes some sense if you combine a sword and slow loading muzzle loader into a shock and awe tactic that would probably work well against the sort of tribes the Arabs liked to victimize. unfortunately, for the Arabs, in this case it the Ngoni had actual set an ambush and massacred the Arabs to a man.



The Arabs frequently relied on fortifications in their battles which isn’t surprising given they where often operating deep in hostile territory. A typical Arab stockade could have several rings of ditch and palisade with loop holes, rifle pits and platforms. Obviously when defending one of these boma their muskets became a lot more important than their swords as the arabs tended to lay down a heavy, but not very accurate fire, from the safety of the palisade. Towards the end of the century the Arabs started to get their hands on more modern breech loading and repeating rifles. The arrival of these weapons saw swords and shield fall out of favour charging with cold steal being replaced with skirmishing from cover. These changes in tactics also seem to have coincided with the Arabs increasingly coming up against European trained troops ,armed with modern weapons and bayonets, which probably made charging with a sword a bad idea. Despite the increase in modern firearms towards the end of the 19th century muzzle loading guns seem to have continued to have armed the bulk of Arab troops. After a battle with the Arabs at Chige the Force Publique collected around 600 guns but only 30 where modern breech loaders.



Very occasionally Arab armies would be noted as using Artillery. The Sultan of of Zanzibar had a number of cannon to defend Zanzibar itself though the guns where said to be mostly in poor condition apart from some fine brass pieces of Portuguese origin. When Harry Johnston, as consul of British Central Africa, launched the final attack on Mlozi’s stockade 1895 the Arabs had a single muzzle loading cannon as part of their defences. During the Abushiri war 1888-1890 , between Arab led forces and the Germans, the Germans at least twice faced Arab forces entrenched and supported by a number of muzzle loading cannon. The Bemba also have tradition that sometime in the 1860s Arab traders joined the Bemba in a battle against the Ngoni the Arabs brought a single cannon resulting in a victory for the allies .



Ok that’s the brief history lesson over time for some pictures of the army. These shots are of the basic units of Musket armed infantry. I have also painted up enough miniatures with swords or modern rifles to insert into the units to represent early and later Arab armies but more of that in part two when I show my thoughts on a workable Arab field force list for TMWWBKs.

 

 









Offline bc99

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 1)
« Reply #349 on: December 15, 2020, 09:46:03 PM »
I love this sir, great stuff. Is that tissue paper water? Amazing.

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 1)
« Reply #350 on: December 16, 2020, 06:19:27 AM »
I love this sir, great stuff. Is that tissue paper water? Amazing.

Thank you. Yes the water is tissue paper and PVA glue there are some more pictures and better info on my lake shore gaming mat on page 18 of this thread if you are interested.

Offline bc99

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 1)
« Reply #351 on: December 16, 2020, 07:28:58 AM »
I'm definitely interested and will be checking that out. Thank you. It's a project hopefully my boys and I can try out!

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 1)
« Reply #352 on: December 16, 2020, 08:38:34 AM »
I'm definitely interested and will be checking that out. Thank you. It's a project hopefully my boys and I can try out!

If you are interested in having ago yourself I recommend this YouTube video by a model railway guy  it's where I picked up the idea and he gives a good step by step account of how to do it

    https://youtu.be/2TwpB7sVMn8     

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 1)
« Reply #353 on: January 11, 2021, 08:08:03 AM »
Happy new year everyone well after a nice long Christmas break here is (finally) part 2 of my Arab’s in Africa post. This time I’m going to give an alternative Field Force list for “The Men would be Kings” rules for the Arab’s in Africa as a replacement for the (rather bland) Slavers list given in the book.

The building blocks of any Arab force are going to be musket armed infantry which are represented by irregular infantry. Throughout the 19th century the majority of Arab soldiers where armed with obsolete firearms so they should be downgraded to antiquated musket as the default setting. Arab shooting was, in general, also very bad. In those reports of battles involving Arabs, that we have (mostly against European led forces), the lack of casualties caused by their shooting stands out. Even when they are occupying a strong defensive positions or executing a well planned ambush, that should have resulted in heavy enemy casualties, their enemies frequently suffer very few loses. Given that I feel that basic Arab units should be downgraded to poor shoots. So by this point we have some really bad irregular infantry to represent the bulk of an Arab army in Africa.

That’s not the whole story though as mentioned in Part 1 Arab infantry frequently carried swords and shields for much of the period and where much happier mixing it up close and personal than most troops represented by irregular infantry in the rules. So I’ve created the Swordsmen upgrade to represent this. Later in the period swords drop out of favour and modern rifles start to appear in Arab armies. These rifles never equipped all Arabs though so there was an interesting mix of everything from muzzle loading flintlocks up to a Winchester repeater rifles all mixed in together. TMWBKs doesn’t have rules for mixed weapon units you could do it but I think it would require more book keeping instead I’ve come up with ” The gun that shoots many times” rule which not only represents the Arab armies move to skirmishing from cover that coincided with the arrival of modern firearms but also fact that a few men with modern rifles would add a lot of extra flying lead to a unit of musket armed men by increasing their firing stat to 5+.

I’ve added an option for a field gun to represent the occasional use of antiquated cannon by Arab armies throughout the period. I’ve also added an option for allies many Arab armies operated with local allies during their wars so I’ve given a few ideas for allies in various theatres.

Arab and Swahili Field Force

Arab or Swahili followers @ Irregular infantry – poor shots, antiquated musket

cost 2pts

Options

Swordsmen +1pts

The gun that shoots many times +1pts




Up to 1 Cannon @ poorly trained field gun

Cost 4pts




Special Rules

Swordsmen

 This rule is to represent the Arabs earlier reliance on swords, to supplement their ancient matchlocks or trade muskets, any irregular infantry  with the swordsmen special rule becomes firing 6+ and fighting 5+ and their free action becomes attack instead of shoot. In addition swordsmen always count as armed with antiquated muskets. Note this option cannot be combined with The gun that shoots many times option.




The Gun That Shoots Many Times

This rule is to represent the Arabs later move towards arming themselves with, modern, rifles towards the end of the 19th century. Any irregular infantry  with this special rule becomes firing 5+ and fighting 6+ and their free action becomes Skirmish instead of shoot. The unit still counts as armed with antiquated muskets as only a few men have access to modern guns and most will still have old muzzle loaders. Note this option cannot be combined with the swordsmen option.




Allies up to half the army points can be spent on allies below are a few suggestions for allies in different parts of Africa.

Tabora – In the wars against Mirambo the Arabs of Tabora had Nyamwezi allies these are best represented as tribal infantry upgraded with the well armed sharpshooters option to give them bows. They could also have explorer allies ( https://jonsotherwargamesblog.wordpress.com/2020/10/01/field-force-list-for-european-explorer-expeditions/ ) to represent Stanley’s expedition who briefly joined the Arabs in their war against Mirambo.

Lake Nyasa – the Swahili traders around lake Nyasa could have Henga allies. The Henga where a Chewa people who had been subjected by the Ngoni and learnt to fight the Ngoni way they are best represented by fierce tribal infantry. They also allied with the Bemba and Yao who I plan to write lists for in the future but can be represented by irregular infantry with the poor shots and poorly armed options.

Congo Arabs – Stanley allied with Tippu Tip on his Congo expedition so explorer allies are an option. The Arabs also allied themselves with the cannibal Manyema and Tetela. By the time of the war with the Free State these tribes where fighting much like the Arabs (the Tetela actually swapped sides and supported the Belgians) and can just be represented by units of Arab irregular infantry with no upgrades. Earlier when they first allied with the Arabs they can be represented by tribal infantry. If you want to represent the terror their cannibal ways inspired in their enemies I suggest any unit they beat in an attack has an additional -1 penalty to its pinning test.

Witu – Sultan Fumo of Witu fought the British in a short campaign in 1890 after he murdered a number of Europeans. His forces where considered bandits and where a mix of Swahilis, escaped slaves and local tribesmen. Although they had some guns many of his men had spears (in one attack on the British he had 2000 spearmen and 500 riflemen) I suggest 2/3rds of the Field force AP be spent on tribal infantry to represent Witu’s relience on more traditional weapons.

Zanzibar – The Sultan of Zanzibar had several ways of raising troops he could call upon powerful Arab and Swahili leaders to provide him with troops from their followers and he could raise levies from the population of Zanzibar island, although the latter was only done in an emergency, these can easily be represented by the current options above.

Up until circa 1881 the Sultan also had a standing force of Baluchis, these men were mostly mercenaries, from around the Indian ocean and Persian gulf regions who acted as garrison soldiers and a police force in Zanzibar. Their main armament were obsolete matchlock muskets and swords. The explorer Cameron described his escort in 1873 as “covered with bucklers, pistols, swords, spears and matchlocks”. The explorer Burton (who was himself an acknowledged expert on swordsmanship) describes them as good swordsmen but he also witnessed some Baluchis firing, for an hour, at a target a dozen paces away, and not hit anything. Josesph Thomson in 1878 said of his escort “There seemed to be literally no discipline among them”. Technically the Sultans Baluchis were disbanded 1881 but many of them continued to find employment as soldiers after that date. If you want to add Baluchis to a Zanzibar army using the following

Baluchis– Irregular infantry poor shots, antiquated musket, Swordsmen  cost 3pts

Options

Unenthusiastic discipline becomes -1 – cost -1 pts




So that’s it for now hopefully this list gives some pointers for fielding a slightly more historical Arab field force in TMWBKs rules. At some stage I hope to paint up and add a small supplement of Zanzibar regular army to complement this list but I have a long list of Darkest Africa things I’d like to do in 2021 so I’m not sure when that will happen.
« Last Edit: January 11, 2021, 09:19:54 AM by Diablo Jon »

Offline Grumpy Gnome

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #354 on: January 11, 2021, 09:11:33 AM »
It is always a joy to see our artwork combined with thoughtful gaming ideas.

Offline Plynkes

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #355 on: January 11, 2021, 12:12:38 PM »
Nice one, Jon. Lots of useful info and some interesting gaming ideas there, along with the eye-candy we have become used to.  Hope to one day return to gaming with my own Arabs in what was to become German East, and I may well use TMWBK again, so I'll have to keep your thoughts in mind if that sunny day ever comes.

If memory serves, the Kazeh (Tabora) Arabs also made use of mercenaries. I think Speke writes of both Watuta and Masai being hired to do fighting for them in the 1860s. They tended to be more trouble than they were worth, though, and this solution to a problem (lawlessness and attacks on caravans by the deposed king of Uyanyembe, Mnywasela, and his band of ne'er-do-wells) often became a bigger problem than the one it was designed to fix, as they tended to go on rampages of theivery, not caring who they took from. Not sure if they ever took to the field  alongside the Arabs, or if they were just used as proxies, but it is worth considering using them as options in your force, if you are looking for a use for some nice colourful figures you already have.


With Cat-Like Tread
Upon our prey we steal...

Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #356 on: January 12, 2021, 09:35:50 AM »
Thanks guys.

Plynkes that is interesting I had read about Mirambo having links with the Watuta I wasn't aware of the Arabs using them or the Masai.

Offline Plynkes

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #357 on: January 12, 2021, 12:24:57 PM »
Speke is a little vague about the nature of the relationship between the 'Kaze' (Tabora) Arabs and the Tuta. At one point he says the Arabs 'bribed' them to join in their war, but also later refers to it as an alliance. So I'm not sure if they are properly referred to as mercenaries or allies (I suppose it's not all that important, just semantics really).

Looks like the whole idea may have been a mistake, though.  Speke certainly damns the Arabs as fools for doing it. One gets the impression the Tuta spent most of their time just randomly attacking and extorting local villages, rather than actually conducting a campaign against Mnywasela (or Manua Sera, as Speke calls him). Speke's account is littered with mentions of how much disruption and destruction the marauding Tuta caused the locals, and he was constantly being held up because of it. It appears it was the natives (and Speke) who suffered from this the most, and so I don't suppose the Arabs cared all that much. Rereading it I get the impression that the Tuta were a force of nature unleashed by the Arabs on the country, rather than hired hands who fought in their armies. Maybe I was a little hasty in suggesting adding them to Arab wargaming armies.



Can't remember where I read about Masai mercenaries (I seem to recall something about them making off with a bunch of livestock belonging to the people who hired them, though - oh those naughty Masai!). I may be misremembering. I'll have to look in some of my books later.




Offline Plynkes

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #358 on: January 13, 2021, 10:28:33 AM »
I've noticed something about the composition of Arab forces in the Unyanyembe region and surrounding areas, in rereading Speke's chapters on his time there.

They seem to have been made up almost entirely of native wangwana, with a mere handful of Arabs in charge of them. It really seems like the Arabs of the area didn't like getting their hands dirty. Trying to get the Tuta to fight their war for them seems to be one example of this, and this would appear to be another. Also, they were very slow to action and not very proactive at all. Speke is constantly exasperated with them over this kind of behaviour. They even begged him to be an intermediary with Manua Sera to try and broker a truce, which despite multiple attempts by Speke came to nothing.

So anyway, I'm thinking that a force of Tabora Arabs really wants to be mostly wangwana musketmen, with hardly any actual 'Arab' figures. Oh, and they were terrible fighters. You read of them getting dished up native forces all the time. Their more modern hardware does not seem to have given them much advantage over foes armed with traditional weapons, not in open battle, anyway. But interestingly, a few firearm-wielding wangwana in a strongpoint such as a tembe or even a boma seem to have been enough to make the Tuta think twice about having a go. The idea of Ngoni being shy of enemies with guns seems to be borne out by Speke's accounts.

Anyway, sorry for going on. Don't mean to hijack your thread, Jon, I just find this stuff endlessly fascinating.


Offline Diablo Jon

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Re: Diablo Jon does Darkest Africa - Arab and Swahili Army (part 2)
« Reply #359 on: January 14, 2021, 08:07:03 AM »
No apology needed Plynkes I find this stuff interesting a more info is always good.

I've noticed something about the composition of Arab forces in the Unyanyembe region and surrounding areas, in rereading Speke's chapters on his time there.

They seem to have been made up almost entirely of native wangwana, with a mere handful of Arabs in charge of them. It really seems like the Arabs of the area didn't like getting their hands dirty. Trying to get the Tuta to fight their war for them seems to be one example of this, and this would appear to be another. Also, they were very slow to action and not very proactive at all. Speke is constantly exasperated with them over this kind of behaviour. They even begged him to be an intermediary with Manua Sera to try and broker a truce, which despite multiple attempts by Speke came to nothing.

So anyway, I'm thinking that a force of Tabora Arabs really wants to be mostly wangwana musketmen, with hardly any actual 'Arab' figures. Oh, and they were terrible fighters. You read of them getting dished up native forces all the time. Their more modern hardware does not seem to have given them much advantage over foes armed with traditional weapons, not in open battle, anyway. But interestingly, a few firearm-wielding wangwana in a strongpoint such as a tembe or even a boma seem to have been enough to make the Tuta think twice about having a go. The idea of Ngoni being shy of enemies with guns seems to be borne out by Speke's accounts.

Anyway, sorry for going on. Don't mean to hijack your thread, Jon, I just find this stuff endlessly fascinating.

I think that seems to apply to Arab armies all over Africa from what I've read. They seem to have had most success when hiding behind fortifications or launching surprise attacks on the less warlike peoples of Africa. Its noticeable that the Arabs often tried to ally with the more warlike tribes of a region rather than fight them. I think most armies would probably contain few real Arabs and a lot of locally recruited Africans but the Foundry Arabs are so nice its a shame not to paint them and play with them (plus I think I've painted every Foundry Askari at least three times  ;D)

 

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